THE BETRAYAL -- A STORY OF AMERICAN NUCLEAR ESPIONAGE
Who worked with the ROSENBERG COMMUNISTS?
in January 1950, a German refugee theoretical physicist working for the British mission in the Manhattan Project, Klaus Fuchs, had given key documents to the Russian USSR.
(Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs)
Fuchs joined the German Communist Party in 1930.Fuchs arrived in England on 24 September 1933.
He earned a PhD in physics from the University of Bristol and a Doctorate in Science degree from Edinburgh.
June 1940, when the police arrived and took Fuchs into internment on the Isle of Man. In July, he was sent to an internment camp in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, where he joined a Communist discussion group led by Hans Kahle, another KPD member.
On Christmas Day 1940, Fuchs and Kahle were among the first group of internees to board a ship to return to Britain.
May 1941, he was approached by Rudolf Peierls of the University of Birmingham to work on the "Tube Alloys" program – the British atomic bomb research project. He he was granted British citizenship on 7 August 1942 and signed an Official Secrets Act declaration form.
Soon after, Fuchs contacted Jurgen Kuczynski, who was now teaching at the London School of Economics. Kuczynski put him in contact with Simon Davidovitch Kremer (codename: "Alexander") the secretary to the military attaché at the Soviet Union's embassy, who worked for the GRU , the Red Army's foreign military intelligence directorate.Fuchs was teamed up with a courier, Ruth Kuczynski (code name: "Sonia") the sister of Jurgen Kuczynski. She was a German communist, a major in Soviet Military Intelligence and an experienced agent who had worked with Richard Sorge's spy ring in the Far East.
In late 1943, Fuchs (code name: "Rest"; he became "Charles" in May 1944) transferred to Columbia University, in New York City to work on the Manhattan Project.
Fuchs was "an asset" of GRU in Britain, his "control" was transferred to the NKGB , the Soviet Union's civilian intelligence organisation, when he moved to New York. He was contacted by Harry Gold (codename: "Raymond"), an NKGB agent in early 1944.
From August 1944 Fuchs worked in the Theoretical Physics Division at the Los Alamos Laboratory.
Fuchs stayed on at the laboratory into 1946 to help with preparations for the Operation Crossroads weapons tests. The US Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (McMahon Act) prohibited the transfer of information on nuclear research to any foreign country, including Britain, without explicit official authority, and Fuchs supplied highly classified US information to nuclear scientists in Britain as well as to his Soviet contacts.
The British, who wanted him to return to the United Kingdom to work on Britain's post-war nuclear weapons program;he returned in August 1946 and became the head of the Theoretical Physics Division at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell. From late 1947 to May 1949 he gave Alexander Feklisov, his Soviet case officer, the principal theoretical outline for creating a hydrogen bomb and the initial drafts for its development as the work progressed in England and America. Meeting with Feklisov six times, he provided the results of the test at Eniwetok Atoll of uranium and plutonium bombs and the key data on production of uranium-235.
Fuchs later testified that he passed detailed information on the project to the Soviet Union through courier Harry Gold in 1945,
Fuchs attended a conference of the Combined Policy Committee (CPC) in 1947, a committee created to facilitate exchange of atomic secrets at the highest levels of governments of the United States, Great Britain and Canada; Donald Maclean, another Soviet spy, was also in attendance as British co-secretary of CPC.
By September 1949, information from the Venona project indicated to GCHQ that Fuchs was a spy.
The Soviets had broken off contact with him in February.Fuchs may have been subsequently tipped off by Kim Philby.
In January 1950, Fuchs voluntarily confessed that he was a spy to MI5 officer William Skardon.
Fuchs' identified his courier as Harry Gold, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. Harry Gold also confessed and identified Sergeant David Greenglass, a former machinist at Los Alamos, as an additional source. Greenglass confessed to having passed secret information on to the USSR through Gold as well and ckaimed that his sister, Ethel Rosenberg's husband Julius Rosenberg, had convinced her to recruit him while on a visit toAlbuquerque, New Mexico in 1944 and that Julius had also passed secrets, linking Julius and Ethel to Soviet contact agent Anatoli Yakovlev.
Fuchs ended up losing his British citizenship, serving nine years and four months of a 14 year prison sentence and after his release --promptly emigrated to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
A tutorial he gave to Qian Sanqiang and other Chinese physicists helped them to develop the first Chinese atomic bomb, the 596.
THIS IS WHAT SPIES DO.
Who worked with the ROSENBERG COMMUNISTS?
in January 1950, a German refugee theoretical physicist working for the British mission in the Manhattan Project, Klaus Fuchs, had given key documents to the Russian USSR.
(Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs)
Fuchs joined the German Communist Party in 1930.Fuchs arrived in England on 24 September 1933.
He earned a PhD in physics from the University of Bristol and a Doctorate in Science degree from Edinburgh.
June 1940, when the police arrived and took Fuchs into internment on the Isle of Man. In July, he was sent to an internment camp in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, where he joined a Communist discussion group led by Hans Kahle, another KPD member.
On Christmas Day 1940, Fuchs and Kahle were among the first group of internees to board a ship to return to Britain.
May 1941, he was approached by Rudolf Peierls of the University of Birmingham to work on the "Tube Alloys" program – the British atomic bomb research project. He he was granted British citizenship on 7 August 1942 and signed an Official Secrets Act declaration form.
Soon after, Fuchs contacted Jurgen Kuczynski, who was now teaching at the London School of Economics. Kuczynski put him in contact with Simon Davidovitch Kremer (codename: "Alexander") the secretary to the military attaché at the Soviet Union's embassy, who worked for the GRU , the Red Army's foreign military intelligence directorate.Fuchs was teamed up with a courier, Ruth Kuczynski (code name: "Sonia") the sister of Jurgen Kuczynski. She was a German communist, a major in Soviet Military Intelligence and an experienced agent who had worked with Richard Sorge's spy ring in the Far East.
In late 1943, Fuchs (code name: "Rest"; he became "Charles" in May 1944) transferred to Columbia University, in New York City to work on the Manhattan Project.
Fuchs was "an asset" of GRU in Britain, his "control" was transferred to the NKGB , the Soviet Union's civilian intelligence organisation, when he moved to New York. He was contacted by Harry Gold (codename: "Raymond"), an NKGB agent in early 1944.
From August 1944 Fuchs worked in the Theoretical Physics Division at the Los Alamos Laboratory.
Fuchs stayed on at the laboratory into 1946 to help with preparations for the Operation Crossroads weapons tests. The US Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (McMahon Act) prohibited the transfer of information on nuclear research to any foreign country, including Britain, without explicit official authority, and Fuchs supplied highly classified US information to nuclear scientists in Britain as well as to his Soviet contacts.
The British, who wanted him to return to the United Kingdom to work on Britain's post-war nuclear weapons program;he returned in August 1946 and became the head of the Theoretical Physics Division at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell. From late 1947 to May 1949 he gave Alexander Feklisov, his Soviet case officer, the principal theoretical outline for creating a hydrogen bomb and the initial drafts for its development as the work progressed in England and America. Meeting with Feklisov six times, he provided the results of the test at Eniwetok Atoll of uranium and plutonium bombs and the key data on production of uranium-235.
Fuchs later testified that he passed detailed information on the project to the Soviet Union through courier Harry Gold in 1945,
Fuchs attended a conference of the Combined Policy Committee (CPC) in 1947, a committee created to facilitate exchange of atomic secrets at the highest levels of governments of the United States, Great Britain and Canada; Donald Maclean, another Soviet spy, was also in attendance as British co-secretary of CPC.
By September 1949, information from the Venona project indicated to GCHQ that Fuchs was a spy.
The Soviets had broken off contact with him in February.Fuchs may have been subsequently tipped off by Kim Philby.
In January 1950, Fuchs voluntarily confessed that he was a spy to MI5 officer William Skardon.
Fuchs' identified his courier as Harry Gold, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. Harry Gold also confessed and identified Sergeant David Greenglass, a former machinist at Los Alamos, as an additional source. Greenglass confessed to having passed secret information on to the USSR through Gold as well and ckaimed that his sister, Ethel Rosenberg's husband Julius Rosenberg, had convinced her to recruit him while on a visit toAlbuquerque, New Mexico in 1944 and that Julius had also passed secrets, linking Julius and Ethel to Soviet contact agent Anatoli Yakovlev.
Fuchs ended up losing his British citizenship, serving nine years and four months of a 14 year prison sentence and after his release --promptly emigrated to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
A tutorial he gave to Qian Sanqiang and other Chinese physicists helped them to develop the first Chinese atomic bomb, the 596.
THIS IS WHAT SPIES DO.